Tilmaamayaasha Caafimaadka (Health Indicators)

Tilmaamayaasha Caafimaadka (Health Indicators)

Tilmaamayaasha Caafimaadka (Health Indicators)
Tilmaamayaasha Caafimaadka (Health Indicators)

Tusaale muujinaya isticmaalka tilmaamayaasha meeqaamka caafimaadka iyo dadka

Tilmaamayaasha Caafimaadka (Health indicators) By Dr Yasin Abdi

Hordhac

Marka la qiimaynayo qof caafimaadkiis way fududahay laakiin marka la qiyaasayo oo la qiimaynayo caafimaadka guud ee bulshada way adag tahay. Halbeegyada lagu cabbiro ama lagu qiyaaso caafimaadka guud way ka duwan yihiin kan caafimaadka gaar ahaaneed lagu qiimeeyo. Cabirka ama qiyaasta caafimaadka guud si loo qiimeeyo togannaantiisa iyo tabannaantiisa waxa la isticmaalaa iyada oo la adeegsanaayo tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka (Health Indicators).

Tilmaamayaasha caafimaadku waa sifooyinka la cabbiri karo ama la tirin karo ee ka tarjumaya dadweynaha caafimaadkiisa kuwaas oo la isticmaalo marka la qiimaynaayo oo la qiyaasayo caafimaadka guud ee bulshada. Xogta iyo macluumaadka laga helo qiimaayntaas ayaa caddayn iyo muujin u noqda sida togan ama taban ee uu u shaqeeyo daryeelka iyo adeegga caafimaadka ee waddankaasi.

Xogta iyo macluumaadka lagu cabirro tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka waxa laga soo ururiyay oo laga soosaaraa warbixinaha sida joogtada ah uga soo baxa goobaha, xarumaha, waaxyaha caafimaadka waddanka iyo laamaha kale ee dawladda sida Wasaaradda arrimaha gudaha.

Warbixinahaasi waxay bixiyaan oo sheegaan macluumaad iyo tibaaxo khuseeya xaaladda guud ee caafimaadka kuwaas oo lagu hawl geli karo. Waxaa ka mid ah macluumaadkaas: sida uu yahay caafimaadka dadweynuhu, waxqabadka nidaamka caafimaadka iyo sifooyinkiisa. Tilmaamayaashaasi waxay muujiyaan macluumaad isbarbardhiga sida isbeddellada xaaladaha caafimaadka, meelaha ay wax u kordheer ama ka dhaceen, saamaaynta qaybaha bulshada, meelaha muhiimka ah ee u baahan in diiradda la saaro iyo sidoo kale horumarka iyo waxqabadka hannaanka caafimaadka intii muddo ah ee la dhaqan geliyey qorshaha caafimaadka waddanka.

Ujeeddada iyo himilada laga leeyahay adeegsiga tilmaamayaasha caafimaadku waa maan ku ahaynta iyo sidii loo hagaajin lahaa adeegga caafimaadka si bulshadu u hesho daryeel caafimaad oo tayo wanaagsan.

Qiyaasaha iyo tirooyinka ka soo baxa xog ururinta ay baadhayaasha caafimaadku (kooxaha xogaha iyo daraasadaha sameeyey) soo bandhigeen ayaa lagu go’aan qaataa sidii loo dabooli lahaa wixii baahi iyo dhibaato caafimaad ee dalka ka jirta. Tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka ayaa dawladuhu u isticmaalaan sidii ay u hagi lahaayeen siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka iyo jaangoynta qorshaha is horumarinta waddanka.

Sidaas awgeed, tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka waxa lagu cabbiraa awoodda waddanku u leeyahay siinta iyo bixinta baahiyaha aasaasiga ah muwaadiniintiisa ee dhinaca caafimaadka taas oo muhiim u ah daryeelka caafimaadka bulshada. Waana halka laga qiyaaso waddan horumarkiisa iyo dib u dhaciisa siiba xagga dhaqaalaha iyo bixinta adeegyada bulshada sida caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo daryeelka guud ee arrimaha bulshada.

Tiirarka waaweyn ee tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka

Tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka asaasiga ah ee WHO u soo jeedisay dalalka adduunka inay adeegsadaan waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa boqol (100) tilmaame caafimaad oo ka farcama afar (4) tiir oo tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka ah. Tiirarka waaweyn ee tilmaamayaasha caafimaadku waxay kala yihin sidan hoos ku qoran.

1. Meeqaamka caafimaadka (Health status)
2. Sababaha halista (Risk factors)
3. Daboolista adeegyada caafimaadka (Service coverage)
4. Nidaamyada caafimaadka (Health systems)

Tilmaamayaashaas caafimaadka oo aad u badan darteed waxan halkan ku soo qaadanaynaa tusaaleyaal kooban isla markaana qormooyinka dambe ayaan ku eegi doonnaa guud ahaan caafimaadka geeska Africa iyo tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka haddii ilaahay ka dhigo. Sidaan horeba, u soo sheegnay marka la qiimaynaayo daryeelka caafimaadka bulshada waxa la adeegsadaa tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka (health indicators) sida aan hoos ku arki doonno iyaga oo faah-faahsan oo tiir waliba ka kooban yahay isirro u gaar ah.

1. Meeqaamka caafimaadka (Health status)

Meeqaamka caafimaadku waa tilmaamaha xaaladda iyo heerka caafimaadka ee bulshadu ku sugan tahay. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sidii loo qiimayn lahaa xaaladda guud ee caafimaadka iyo sidii loo ogaan lahaa inuu jiro xanuun iyo inaan wax xanuun ahi ama bukaani jirin.

Waxaa inta badan lagu soo koobaa filashada nolosha (inta cimriga dadku gaadho) iyo marka bulshadu aamminsan tahay in meeqaamka caafimaadkoodu taam yahay. Waxyaabaha la cabbiro ee la qiimeeyo waxa ka mid ah in guud ahaan in caafimaadka dadweynuhu sidii la rabay u shaqaynaayo oo aanu jirin xanuun jirka ah, maskaxda ah iyo inay jirto ladnaani sidaan ku soo aragnay qeexitaanka caafimaadka. Tilmaamayaasha meeqaamka caafimaadka lagu qiyaaso waxa ka mid ah:

1. Dhimashada: Da’da iyo jinsiga dhinta (Mortality by age and sex)

  • Filashada nolosha bulshada ee heerka cimriga dadka (Life expectancy at birth)
  • Heerka dhimashada dadka da’diisu u dhexayso 15 sano jir ilaa 60 jir
  • Heerka dhimashada carruurta ka yar 5 sano (Under 5 mortality rate)
  • Heerka dhimashada dhallaanka (Infant mortality rate)
  • Heerka dhimashada ilmaha dhasha/sebiga (Neonatal mortality rate)
  • Heerka ilmaha ku soo dhinta uurka hooyadood (Stillbirth rate)

2. Sababta dhimashada (Mortality by cause)

  • Saamiga tirada hooyooyinka u dhinta umul raaca (Maternal mortality ratio)
  • Heerka inta u dhimata cudurka Qaaxada (TB mortality rate)
  • Heerka dhimashada AIDSka la xidhiidha (AIDS related mortality rate)
  • Heerka dhimashada Duumada (Malaria mortality rate)
  • Heerka dhimashada dadka cimrigoodu u dhexeeyo 30-70 sano ee u dhinta xanuunnada wadnaha, kansarka, sonkorowga/kaadi macaanta, xanuunada raaga ee ku dhaca habdhiska neefsashada iwm.
  • Heerka dhimashada dadka isdila/ismiidaamiya
  • Heerka dhimashada shilalka waddooyinka gaadiidka/baabuurta

3. Taranka (Fertility)

  • Heerka dhalmada/taranka dhalinyarada (Adolescent fertility rate)
  • Heerka wadarta guud ee taranka (Total fertility rate)

4. Bukaanka (Morbidity)

  • Kiisaska (cases) bukaanka ah ee u soo dhacay cudurrada tallaalka lagaga hortagi karo
  • Baahsanaanta dadka ay ku dhacday Qaaxadu (TB prevalence)
  • Baahsanaanta dadka uu ku dhacay HIV (HIV prevalence)
  • Heerarka dadka ay ku dhacday Duumadu (Malaria rates)
  • Baahsanaanta dadka uu ku dhacay Joonisku/Cagaarshowga (Hepatitis prevalence)
  • Heerarka dadka ay ku dhaceen cudurrada galmada laga qaado (Sexual transmitted infections rate)
  • Heerarka dadka uu ku dhacay kansarka iyo noocyadiisa (Cancer morbidity rates)

2. Sababaha halista caafimaadka (Health risk factors)

Sababaha halista caafimaadku waa tilmaamayaasha tilmaama waxyaabaha halista ama khatarta caafimaad keena ee sababa xanuunada iyo cudurka. Waa wax kasta iyo sifo kasta oo dabiici ama aan dabiici ahayn oo gaadhsiisa ama kordhisa suurtagalnimada in qofka xanuun ama dhaawac ku dhaco. Tilmaamayaasha tilmaama halista caafimaadka waxa ka mid ah:

1. Nafaqada (Nutrition)

  • Heerka nafaqadarrada (Undernourishment rate)
  • Dhallaanka la nuujiyo naaska keliya ilaa 5 bilood jirka
  • Bilowga hore ee naas nuujinta
  • Heerka dhallaanka ku dhasha miisaan yarida/miisaanka hoose
  • Heerka caruurta ka yar 5 sano jir ee hagaasta (Aan korin nafaqodarro darteed)
  • Heerka baahsanaanta dhiig yarida caruurta (Anaemia prevalence in children)
  • Heerka baahsanaanta dhiig yarida dumarka da’da taranka (Anaemia prevalence in women of reproductive age)

2. Cudurrada (Infections)

  • Gaar ahaan kuwa la kala qaado (Infectious diseases)

3. Sababaha halista degaanka (Environmental risk factors)

  • Dadka inta hesha biyo nadiif ah (Population access to drinking clean water)
  • Dadka inta ku nool degaan saxadhowr leh (Population using safely managed sanitation service)
  • Dadka inta isticmaasha shidaalka karinta, maayadda iwm (Population using modern fuels for cooking/heating/lighting)
  • Heerka dikhowga hawada magaalooyinka (Air pollution levels in cities)

4. Xanuunnada aan faafin (Non-communicable diseases)

  • Tirada guud ee dadka da’doodu ka weyn tahay 18 sano jirka ee isticmaala sigaarka iwm
  • Caruurta ka yar 5 sano jirka ee miisaankoodu sareeyo ee cayilan/buurbuuran
  • Dadka qaangaadhka ah ee cuslaaday/cayilan (Overweight/Obesity)
  • Dadka qaangaadhka ah ee uu kacsan yahay dhiiggu (Raised blood pressure)
  • Dadka qaangaadhka ah ee sonkorta dhiiggu kacsan tahay (Raised blood sugar level)
  • Qaadashada ama isticmaalka milixda/cusbada (Salt intake)
  • Socod la’aanta iyo dhaqdhaqaaq yarida dadka qaanqaadhka ah

5. Dhaawacyada (Injuries)

  • Heerka baahsanaanta gacan ka hadalka gaar ahaan qoysaska

3. Daboolista adeegyada caafimaadka (Health service coverage)

Daboolista adeegga caafimaadku waa tilmaamayaasha tilmaama inta ay le’eg tahay baaxadda adeegga caafimaadku iyo dabooliddiisa bulshada oo ah in daryeelka caafimaadku dhammaan dadweynaha wada gaadho si looga hortago xanuunada iyo cudurada loona daaweeyo xanuunada.

Tilmaamayaasha tilmaama baaxadda adeegga caafimaadka iyo dabooliddiisa bulshada waxa ka mid ah:

1. Caafimaadka haweenka uurka leh iyo dhallaanka

  • Daryeelka haweenka dhalmada ka hor (Antenatal care coverage)
  • Daryeelka haweenka waqtiga dhalmada iyo helista umuliso caafimad
  • Daryeelka haweenka umulnimada ka dib (Postpartum care coverage)
  • Isha ku haynta calaamadaha cudurada dhalmada ka dib
  • Daryeelka caruurta shubanta
  • Bixinta xanaanno dheeraad ah sida siinta Vitamin A

2. Tallaalka (Immunisation)

  • Heerka tallaal gaadhsiinta
  • Jadwalka tallaalka qaranka

3. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

  • Heerka tirada guud ee dadka qaba HIVga ee la ogaaday
  • Ka hortagga HIV inaanu u kala gudbin hooyada iyo ilmaha
  • Daboolidda daryeelka dadka qaba HIVga
  • Daboolidda daawooyinka iyo gaadhsiinta dadka qaba HIVga
  • Xakamaynta fayraska sababa HIVga

4. Qaaxada (Tuberculosis)

  • Dadka qaba Qaaxada oo la ogaado daawada daawaysa
  • Heerka ogaanshaha kiisaska Qaaxada
  • Daaweynta iyo daboolista Qaaxada daawada u adkaysata ee u baahan daaweyn dheeraad ah (Multidrug resistant TB)

5. Duumada (Malaria)

  • Ka daaweynta iyo ka hortagidda Duumada hooyada uurka leh
  • U isticmaalka daaweynta Duumada shabaqyada (maro kaneecada) lagu daaweeyey sunta kaneecada disha (Use of insecticide treated nets)
  • Daaweynta dadka ay ku dhacday Duumadu
  • Ka buufinta hadhaaga kaneecada meelaha dahsoon

6. Cudurrada kulaylayaasha ee aan la dhaadin (Neglected tropical diseases)

  • Ka hortagista iyo daaweynta cudurada kulaylayaasha ee la dayacay

7. Baadhitaanka iyo ka hortagga xanuunnada (Screening & preventive care)

  • Baadhitaanka kansarka sida ka ku dhaca ilmo galeenka iwm.

8. Caafimaadka maanka (Mental health)

  • Daboolista adeegga dadka qaba xanuunnada madaxa/maskaxda

4. Nidaamyada caafimaadka (Health systems)

Nidaamyada caafimaadku waa tilmaamayaasha tilmaama nidaamyada caafimaadka iyo waxtarkooda. Mararka qaarkood waxa loo yaqaan nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka (Health care system) waana halka laga hawl geliyo oo laga abaabulo shaqaalaha, hay'adaha caafimaadka, iyo khayraadka lagu fuliyo adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka si loo gaadhsiiyo dhammaan dadweynaha adeegga caafimaadka gaar ahaan meelaha ay ka jirto baahida caafimaad iyo dadka bartilmaameedka ah. Tilmaamayaasha tilmaama nidaamyada caafimaadka iyo waxtarkooda waxa ka mid ah:

1. Tayada iyo isku aaminidda daryeerka caafimaadka (Quality and safety of care)

  • Heerka dhimashada waqtiga qalliinka iyo daaweynta (Perioperative mortality rate)
  • Heerka daryeelka xanuunnada umulaha iyo haweenka
  • Heerka dhimashada haweenka ku umula goobaha caafimaadka
  • Dib u eegidda dhimashada umulaha/hooyooyinka umul raaca
  • Heerka guusha laga gaadhay daaweynta Qaaxada (TB treatment success rate)
  • Adeegyada khaaska ah helitaankooda iyo diyaarsanaantooda

2. Helitaanka (Accessibility)

  • Isticmaalka adeegga caafimaadka (Service utilisation)
  • Helitaanka adeegga caafimaadka (Health service access)
  • Xajmiga sariiraha isbitaalka (Hospital bed density)
  • Helitaanka daawooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah iyo agabka kale ee daryeelka

3. Shaqaalaha caafimaadka (Health workforce)

  • Tiradooda iyo ku filnaantooda dalka
  • Hay'adaha tababarka shaqaalaha iyo inta ay soo saaraan

4. Macluumaadka/Xogta caafimaadka (Health information)

  • Diiwaangelinta dhalashooyinka dalka oo dhan
  • Diiwaangelinta dhimashada dalka oo dhan
  • Dhammaystirnaanta iyo helitaanka warbixinaha caafimaadka ay soo saaraan goobaha iyo waaxyaha caafimaadka dalku.

5. Maalgelinta caafimaadka (Health financing)

  • Wadar sanadeedka kharashka loo qoondeeyey caafimaadka (inta ay ka tahay miisaaniyadda dalka)
  • Ilaha maalgelin dibadeedda
  • Kharashaadka masiibooyinka/aafooyinka

6. Ammaanka/Amniga caafimaadka (Health security)

  • Awooddida iyo ku dhaqanka xeerarka caalamiga ah ee caafimaadka muhiimka u ah.
  • Xakamaynta cudurrada faafa.

Gunaanad

Sawirka guud ee waddan laga daalacdo horumarkiisa waa tayada daryeelka caafimaadkiisa. Waayo haddii hannaanka caafimaadka waddanku hagaagsan yahay waxa kordha wax soosaarka iyo dhaqaalaha waxana yaraada saboolnimada. Sidaa darteed, waa lagama maarmaan in inta jaangoysa ee dejisa siyaasadda waddanku inay ku xisaabtamaan sidii daryeelka caafimaadka kor loogu qaadi lahaa. Sidoo kale inta isticmaasha adeegga caafimaadka iyana waa muhiim inay caafimaadka waddanka qiimayaan oo kula xisaabtamaan hoggaanka talada dalka haya si ay u helaan daryeel caafimaad oo munaasib ah.

Sidaa awgeed, ku dhaqanka, hirgelinta xogta iyo macluumaadka laga helay tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka (health indicators) waxay sababtaa in daryeelka caafimaadku u shaqeeyo sidii la rabay, caafimaadka bulshaduna fiicnaado isla markaana dhimashada iyo xanuunkuna hoos u dhacaan. Heerka nafaqadarrada ayaa meesha ka baxa waxaana suurtoobaysa in dhammaan bulshadu hesho biyo nadiif ah iyo degaan saxadhowr leh. Waxa kordha filashada nolosha dadka oo cimrigoodu dheeraado isla markaana waxa yaraata baahida guud iyo gaar ahaaneed ee caafimaadka waxana daryeelka caafimaadku gaadhaa dadka bar-tilmaameedka ah sida haweenka, caruurta, waayeelka, dadka laxaadka la’a, saboolka iyo danyarta, reer guuraaga iyo dadka meelaha fog ku nool.

Dr. Yasin Abdi, May 2017
yabdi67@gmail.com